Master of Public Health

1.   Statement of purpose for Masters of Public Health in USAI would like to think of a world where people would give priority to prevention rather than cure and save millions of dollars in medical procedures and health care provisions.   During the initial stage of my medical studies, I was considering a career in rehabilitation medicine because of the exposure that I had in physical therapy.   Although I enjoyed the field of helping people recover from their injuries and regain some of the functions that they have lost,I have often wondered why people prefer to spend so much money on seeking effective medical treatment instead of preventing illnesses, diseases and injuries.   While having close contacts with patients and monitoring their health conditions, my heart was drawn to pursue a career that would give emphasis to prevention and primary care so I can help my country and my fellowmen in Vietnam.Being a daughter of parents who are both in the field of medicine, I am fo rtunate enough to have a close view of the skills, knowledge and dedication involve in being a doctor.   Since I was a child, I had an early exposure in seeing my father render his service as a family physician in his private clinic in our district.   My father has been working for more than 30 years.   Each time I see patients consult him on some illnesses and health problems that are preventable, the never ending thought of knowing why people do not want to prevent illnesses kept bothering me.   I felt that something should be done.When I complete my Master degree in Public Health, I would like to collaborate with the Department of Health in educating my countrymen on the importance of preventive medicine so they can be spared of costly medical bills and they will be able to live a healthy and productive life.   Furthermore, I would like to be involved in research so I can impart my knowledge to other doctors and medical students and facilitate an exchange of knowledge a nd views among medical professionals on issues related to public health in my country and abroad.2.   Submit a narrative describing my past education, experience, and current professional career objectives.Through the Japanese government scholarship, I was awarded a full scholarship to take a medical course in Japan.   I have lived in Tokyo, Japan for 6 years.   Currently, I am on my last year of my medical studies in Tokyo Medical and Dental University.I obtained an initial introduction to public health during the 2-month course period in my current university.   The one semester class provided me with a basic but thorough understanding of the issues faced in health care today.   Then, I spent a month of internship in various health clinics in Tokyo and its outskirts.   To increase my knowledge about health care in other parts of the world, I participated in a month of externship in Western health care in the Gynecology department in Medical University of Valladolid in Spain.   As a medical student, I have spent the last two years of my studies in the hospitals and health clinics.   This experience has given me a clearer view about health care.I am thankful that each month, the university provides a special lecture and health care seminar that enabled me to meet some public health leaders specializing in various fields in different countries.   The knowledge and exposure has further strengthened my belief that no matter how developed a country is or how well organized their medical and health care system is, their citizens will still demand for a better health care system, a better preventive medicine and sanitation.Public health will always be a problem that will demand tremendous work in order to find an effective and efficient solution to a health problem without sacrificing quality.   The continuous problems faced by professionals in public health demand innovative and carefully thought solutions.   My medical background has also pro vided me with a chance to view health care programs in different perspectives and triggered my interest in preventive medicine and quality health care.In Vietnam, I had a chance to assist my parents while they were treating patients in their clinic.   Sometimes, I join them whenever they do their rounds and visit patients in the hospital.   My parents taught me the importance of having a good patient-doctor relationship and to maintain a good bedside manner at all times.   They believe that an effective cure does not only come with its physical treatment, it should also come together with the emotional and spiritual upliftment.   When all things fail, the patients’ determination and will to survive will take over.My parents have exposed me to the medical cases and issues that have confronted them during their medical practice.   I had the chance to review the medical history of the patients and understand their illnesses.   I have also met some specialists who had meetings with my parents to discuss the best possible treatment that could be given to their patients.   In many cases, I have often seen a lot of people go to the hospital or consult a doctor when their illness is already worst.Others have to remain in the hospital for many days for further observation and further treatment.   There are young people who have suffered from diseases and health problems such as heart attack, stroke, lung cancer and diabetes that could have been prevented by following a healthy lifestyle.   I have witnessed how members of the patients’ family struggle to search for money in order to save the lives of their loved ones and be provided with the treatment that they needed.During those years, I have always been nagged by the issue of prevention and cure and how each citizen could have a longer lifespan and a better quality of life if they were informed and educated about the prevention of illnesses.   I have also thought about how the countr y’s allocation of resources to those who have preventable illnesses could have been used to cure other non-preventable sickness.   All these thoughts have pushed me to serve my country and be in the field of public health.I still render my volunteer service whenever there is a chance to join the medical mission sponsored by various non-government organizations.   In the past medical missions, I have worked with volunteer doctors, nurses and para-professionals.   I interviewed patients and recorded their complaints and medical history.   Then, I accompanied them to the doctor who provided the treatment and gave them the necessary prescriptions and medicines.I also assisted the doctors in making referrals to the hospitals and other specialist.   Sometimes, I accompany some doctors who monitor the progress of these patients.   My hunger for knowledge and my passion to be of service to the community continuously grow with every exposure that I have in the field of hea lth and medicine.   The fulfillment of seeing people respond to the treatment and to see the smiles in their faces is priceless and worth every ounce of work and perseverance that I have given to my studies and profession.3. Plans that the applicant has to use the education and training acquired at university, the needs and/or challenges the applicant perceives as important in the relevant field of study, and any personal qualities, characteristics, and skills the applicant believes will enable him or her to be successful in the chosen field of study.Foreign students like me will benefit from the extra-ordinarily talented professionals and interdisciplinary program that emphasize on problem solving and the acquisition of fundamental public health skills.   The faculty brings a range of skills and real-world experience to its work while providing the foundation for our intellectual growth.As a citizen of an Asian country, I am glad that the program incorporates research and servi ce activities that are designed to identify and resolve economic, clinical and behavioral issues focusing on Africa and Asia.   This will enrich my knowledge in disease control and prevention while learning ways to improve the health condition of people residing in resource poor countries.So many lives were affected in Asian countries due to diseases transmitted by insects (malaria, dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever), through food and water (cholera, typhoid fever, hepatitis A, parasitic infection), through intimate contact (AIDS/HIV, hepatitis B), and other diseases (Schistosomiasis, rabies, tuberculosis, pneumonia).Vaccinations for measles could have prevented pregnant mothers from delivering a child with mental retardation, deafness and blindness.   Early death among children could have been prevented if there is a massive immunization drive in the community.   Since Vietnam is part of Asia, I would like to actively support and participate in the implementat ion of the health program not only in my country but also in other Asian countries.Being a foreigner, I believe that it will be a challenge to know about the public health programs, policies and issues as well as health services across the states.   In my graduate studies, I expect to have a number of research papers and case studies to work on that will enriched my knowledge and exposure on the different side of health care that is found in a developed country.   There is a big difference in terms of public health policies and programs between developed and developing countries.   In my studies, I would like to thoroughly study its differences and would like to determine how the health care policies and programs in the United States can be adapted in Vietnam.How can I keep my countrymen healthy?   How can I contribute to the quality of care in Vietnam?   I would like to find answers for these questions before returning to my homeland after the completion of my graduate st udies in public health.   I welcome the challenge to study in a technologically advanced country.   My dedication and passion to serve my country outweighs the challenge and the obstacles that any foreign student will face in a foreign land.

Academic Strategies for the Business Professional Essay

Academic Strategies for the Business Professional course was great for helping me develop into a very decent student. It was a great class with lots of information for school learning and use in the career field. It has assisted me to learn to use better time management skills. The more I use these skills the less stressed I will be. As I use the different styles of time management, it helps me determine which tool works the best for each activity I am doing. This also has helped me in my personal life. As I juggle school, kids, work, laundry, cleaning and a multitude of things that just pop up time management has become most important. It has allowed me the ability to work fulltime, go to school and still spend time with my family. My family is my number one priority! This class has been a blessing in disguise because it has helped me in many ways to still have that desired time. This course was able to show me a better me. I did not know how I learned the best until we had to take some quizzes in Unit 2 reading. According to EducationPlanner.org, I am an auditory/visual learner. I use all three types of learning. The one I scored the least in was tactical, which for me is true. I do use that the least. When I learn I like a visual example first, then auditory if, I do not understand it. Being able to see something physically done at least once is the most helpful to me. Depending on the situation, I find it helpful to be talked through it while doing it. Mostly though I find that just being shown how to do something while I do, it is the best learning style for me. This will make me a better candidate in the business world because I know my strengths and weakness and will be able to apply myself in a productive manner. This course is a wonderful learning experience and I hope all my classes are like this. As I go forward in my educational goal, I will use all the neat tricks and skills we have been exposed to. My education is my short-term goal and I will mostly use SRI that we learned about in Unit 6 reading to help me with studying. (pg.4) I will also use the note taking skills also addressed in Unit 6. I am use to the outline system but I really like the Cornell System that I never knew existed until this class. (pgs. 6 and 8) I will have to start using the writing skills to my advantage in the future to ensure a great grade and hopefully a very enjoyable job in the future. As I work towards my long time goal, the S.M.A.R.T. goal setting system is going to be my new comrade. It is easy to write up and break down the goal into smaller pieces. (pg. 6) Without this skill I would be going, â€Å"I do not know what I want to do in the future.† This skill helped me figure out my short-term and is helping work on the long-term. It is not fully there yet but it is always a work in progress. Once you finish one goal, you tend to start another. References EducationPlanner.org http://www.educationplanner.org/students/self-assessments/learning-styles.shtml Unit 6 Reading page 4, 6, & 8 Unit 7 Reading page 6

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words - 2

Leadership - Essay Example During any change there is resistance to change by the employees. Managing change requires leadership and leadership during mergers and acquisitions can be challenging. Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) are seen as long-term strategic orientation of the firm and not a one-time business tactic for short-term goals (Lin, Hung & Li, 2006). Industry consolidation and privatization, and the liberalization of economies are the most significant factors that have fueled M&A at the international level. They continue to be a popular form of corporate development and industry and firm specific factors finally govern the reason and the purpose of the mergers and acquisitions. M&As are ‘among the most important strategic decisions companies ever make’ (cited by Duncan & Mtar, 2006). However, there are many instances when M&As have failed even when the mergers take place between firms within the industry. One such example is the merger of Daimler-Chrysler – two giant automobile companies – that was supposed to be a merger of equals. Covin, Kolenko, Sightler & Tudor (1997) find that leadership style impacts post merger satisfaction and tha t leadership should be a key consideration for mergers. This heightens the importance and the role of a leader during the change management when mergers take place. Since our organization is planning a cross-border merger, it is essential to plan and implement change. While both managers and leaders are necessary for a healthy organization, leadership differs from management. While management is the "mental and physical effort to coordinate diverse activities to achieve desired results", leadership is defined as "natural and learned ability, skill, and personal characteristics to conduct interpersonal relations which influence people to take desired actions" (Handbook for Excellence, n.d.). "You lead people; you manage things" is how John Pejza expresses the difference between the two in this book. Through

Marketing Research for Yelp in the Brazilian Market Term Paper

Marketing Research for Yelp in the Brazilian Market - Term Paper Example If you feel that any of the steps mentioned in the proposal contradict with your expectations, kindly notify us so that we may be able to make the relevant modification on a timely basis. BACKGROUND: Yelp is planning to provide its services to the Brazilian users regarding Brazilian markets and this research report would assist Yelp in initiating its operations in Brazil. The research report would include a comprehensive study of various factors that will help the organization understand the manner in which Brazilian businesses operate and the ways in which it can engage the Brazilian users. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this research is to ensure whether it would be feasible for Yelp to start operating in Brazil. The research report would provide the factors that are responsible for the success of Yelp in other territories and an analysis of the fact whether those factors would be feasible in Brazil. The findings of the research report would assist Yelp in understanding the environment of Brazilian markets and modifying its strategy for entering in the Brazilian market accordingly. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: The research methodology to be followed would consist of primary research and secondary research. In primary research, the relevant information would be acquired directly from the users, while in secondary research, the information already available from different sources would be analyzed and it would be determined whether such information can be utilized for the purposes of this research. The primary research would be conducted through the use of online surveys using the social networking sites and questionnaires at different markets in Brazil. A set of questions would be designed that would focus on the attitude of the users towards a service like Yelp in Brazil. The surveys and questionnaires would include questions that would help the research team analyze their response towards such a service. In this manner, it would be found out whether the users anticipate the services provided by Yelp in Brazil or not. The questionnaire would be simple in order to ens ure a higher response rate. The following would be the key information to be acquired through the questionnaires: 1. What are users overall perceptions and attitudes towards the services like the ones provided by Yelp? 2. How users view Yelp as compared to other such websites in Brazil. 3. Understanding the attitude of the users by understanding the cultural specifics that are most common in Brazil. 4. The factors that the users like and dislike regarding the markets of Brazil and how a service like Yelp would help them decide where to shop and where not to. 5. What the users in Brazil know about Yelp, what they like about its services and what do they dislike about it. The secondary research would include the analysis of market researches already conducted by other organizations or independent researchers. It would

Communication in business assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Communication in business assignment - Essay Example There has been an accepted shift from the stand that marketers show no significant interest in the culture of the countries they have started operations in (Holden, 2004, 563). Organizations have realized that it has become necessary to be knowledgeable about the traditions of the native country. The present scenario calls for the organizations to endorse localization – for which they need to understand ethics at a much minute degree. The coming to age of the world economy has opened up new paradigm in the aspect of business communication – as different communities are set to interact with each other with absolutely no prior history of interaction (McPherson and Szul, 2008, 39). Before dwelling further in the topic, let us discuss how the business fraternity in India is gearing up towards the new global economy. India, as part of BRIC (acronym for Brazil, Russia, India and China), symbolizes the highest growth rate markets in the present world. This is due to the fact that the country has access to a highly skilled, yet cost effective, labor pool and a growing consumer class. This consumer class has a rising disposable income and thus India is the place to be for all the aspiring businesses in the world. Moreover the country, after years of Government control, is finally opening up to the world economy. This, along with a trend that will transform the economy from agrarian to service oriented, indicates a good prospect for a food processing company. However, India has its own typical rules and regulations when it comes to business. Further workplace culture is heavily influenced by demographic factors – like religion and age. Global corporations have to take cultural implications into consideration when they open shop here (Roberts and Tuleja 2008, 474). One of the first things that one notices in India is the pace at which business negotiations take place. It is quite common for meetings to get delayed, postponed and even

Organ Donation, Presumed Consent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Organ Donation, Presumed Consent - Essay Example CONCEPT: Before arguing along the different spectrums, it is imperative first to understand the concept of organ donation in general and the new presumed consent argument in particular. Organ donation, as widely understood, is the endowment of the human organs to the needy, sometimes after the person’s death and sometimes during one’s lifetime. Organ donation has many different laws and practices all around the world. One of themes the opt in system which states that until the person has not agreed to donate his or her organs after his or her lifetime, their stance on the donation shall be considered negative. They do not want to donate their organs, but the one which has instigated the controversy, and which shall be argued in this paper, is the concept of presumed consent. This concept states that if a person has not specifically opted out during his or her lifetime, then he or she is presumed to support organ donation and would be willing to donate his or her organs after his or her death. ARGUMENT: People who voice in favour of the argument state that the world needs to broaden its canvas when it wants to paint a picture of human safety and security. They are of the view that if the holistic approach is taken and the concept of presumed consent is enforced, it will do more of a good to society than bad. Arthur Caplan, who is a professor of bioethics at the University Of Pennsylvania School Of Medicine, suggests that there are hundreds of thousands of people dying because of inability of organs in America alone, which is blessed country in terms of resources (Caplain et al, 2009). The situation in some of the other parts of the world is even more severe. Thus, for the greater good and the betterment of the humanity, the concept of presumed concept should be enforced in its totality. However, what these people fail to understand that every person born in this world is a completely free individual (Orend, 2002). He has the freedom of speech, the freedom of belief, the freedom of actions and likewise, the freedom of donating the organ or not. The rational that greater good or the betterment of the humanity is better than individual choices is week because there is no standard to judge the good or bad for the humanity and the actions or laws that will be justified for the greater good. If today, presumed consent is better for the society, then tomorrow, organ donation during a person’s lifetime can be taken as presumed consent, for the greater good. There can be no limit for the canvas of the greater good and the resulting actions. Thus, it is impossible for a standardized version of actions can be developed which fall in the sphere of the greater good. To put it straightforwardly, this concept of the presumed consent is a violation of human rights. People argue that generally, the people have altruistic nature and when given a choice, they will prefer to donate their organs after their death. According to Elaine Berg, the president and chief executive officer of the New York Organ Donor Network, in a majority of the surveys conducted in the U.S., nearly ninety percent people opted for donating their organs. Thus, the argument is strengthened and the presumed consent practise is viable and in accordance with the intrinsic altruistic nature of the human beings. This has been further

Faculty role Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Faculty role - Essay Example Accreditation has the role of validating that a program or an institution meets minimum standards; nonetheless, it does not offer an indication of the degree of program quality in relation to other programs. Program review is done internally at a time interval of every 5-10 years, and considering a broad range of quantitative and qualitative indicators, designed to offer feedback for program improvement. Finally, program assessment is done by public agencies and organizations, where each might require reporting against a particular set of indicators (Shpritz & O'Mara, 2006). Assessment generally focuses on results, entails a narrower set of measures and is always continuous rather than periodic. In this paper out of the many accrediting organizations, we explore Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education (CCNE) and out of the two recognition bodies: US Department of Education-government regulation and council of Higher-Education Accreditation (CHEA)-self-regulation we explore the lat ter. Council of Higher-Education Accreditation (CHEA) In a nutshell, this organization is responsible of accrediting the accreditors of higher education in the US. The national organization was established to take this responsibility after the academy performed it own review of augmenting numbers of accreditors. This is generally referred to as self-regulation, as the academy is regulation itself (Myrick & Yonge, 2007). Nonetheless, accreditation of other accrediting bodies ends reality of the academy regulation, which comprises of the federal government accreditation of accrediting bodies via the department of Education. In doing so, accountability is sought via reliance upon accreditation to perform the evaluation of individual programs and institutions in an almost boundless sea of â€Å"mission†. This accountability is largely sought via evaluation of literally various transactions (assessment of learning, costs, and jobs for graduates, graduation rates) which legislation as well as regulations requires for qualification as an accrediting body commendable of opening gates to benefit from government funding. There are about 20 accrediting bodies responsible for the accreditation of institutions as well as 62 bodies responsible for the accreditation programs (such as in medicine, health professions, and law). The accrediting bodies are independent, non-governmental, as well as non-profit making organization being funded by mainly through annual subscriptions from programs and institutions. The accrediting organizations design minimum requirements, which should be satisfied in order to receive accreditation. Programs and institutions carry out self-studies basing on the standards. They are then reviewed by peers within the profession and via visiting sites and team reports. The accrediting bodies make judgments that are standard referenced via their decision-making commissions leading to awarding or denying accreditation status. Programs and institutio ns undergo periodic review for maintaining accredited status that is needed for accessing the federal and state funds. However, it should be noted that not all organizations are regulated by CHEA. Higher education and accreditation initiate, and drives change in regulation equation by discovering ways to meet the demands of accountability whereas maintaining, to the greatest level possible, the ingredients it deems vital, namely, self-regulation, institutional autonomy and academic freedom (Myrick &

The Neanderthals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Neanderthals - Essay Example The Neanderthals inhabited Europe and parts of western Asia from about 230,000 to 29,000 years ago (the Middle Palaeolithic and Lower Paleolithic, in the Pleistocene epoch) (Neanderthals 2005). Neanderthals were adapted to cold, as shown by their larger brains, short but robust builds and large nose. These features are also observed in modern day sub-arctic populations (Neandethals 2005). For many years, there was a vigorous professional debate about whether Neanderthals should be classified as Homo neanderthalensis or Homo sapiens neanderthalensis. The latter places Neanderthals as a subspecies of Homo sapiens; however, recent evidence from mitochondrial DNA studies indicates that Neanderthals were not a subspecies of Homo sapiens (Neanderthals 2005). On average, Neanderthals stood about 1.65m tall (just under 5' 6") and were very muscular, comparable to modern weight-lifters (Neanderthals 2005). Their relatively robust stature is thought to be an adaptation to the cold climate of Europe during the Pleistocene epoch (Neanderthals 2005). Nothing is known about their skin color, the hair, or the shape of soft parts such as eyes, ears, and lips. However, the physical traits that distinguish Neanderthals from modern humans can not be used to distinguish specific Neanderthal populations, from various geographic areas or periods of evolution, from other extinct humans. Also, many of these traits occasionally manifest in modern humans, particularly among certain ethnic groups (Neanderthals 2005). LANGUAGE The Neanderthals don't have complex language as modern humans. In1983, a Neanderthal hyoid bone was found at the Kebara Cave in Israel. The hyoid is a small bone that holds the root of the tongue in place, a requirement to human speech and, therefore, its presence seems to imply some ability to speak. Many people believe that even without the hyoid bone evidence, it is obvious that tools as advanced as those of the Mousterian Era, attributed to Neanderthals, could not have been developed without cognitive skills encompassing some form of spoken language (Neanderthals 2005). The base of the Neanderthal tongue was positioned higher in the throat, crowding the mouth somewhat. As a result, Neanderthal speech would most likely have been slow-paced and nasalized.(Neanderthals 2005). HUNTING AND TOOLS The Neanderthals' stone tools is called the Mousterian Culture, after a prominent archaeological site where the tools were first found. Their tool case consisted of sophisticated stone-flakes, task-specific hand axes, and spears. Many of these tools were very sharp (Neanderthals 2005). There is little evidence that Neanderthals used antlers, shell, or other bone materials to make tools. However, there is good evidence that they routinely constructed a variety of stone implements. The archaeological record suggests that Neanderthals lived around the edges of forests where they hunted large animals like red deer, horse and wild cattle. The forests gave them firewood, and materials to construct shelters and spears. (Neandertal 2005) INTELLIGENCETheir brains were roughly 20% larger than the average size of modern human's brain and the structure were identical but arranged in a different manner. Their

Trade Union UNITE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Trade Union UNITE - Essay Example Management wants high profits and lower costs so that profitability can be maximised. For achieving such a target, the employees are affected by the management. In the urge to reduce the cost of production and operation, at times the management ignored the genuine rights of workers striving hard to achieve the organisational goals. They overlook the fact that it is due to their valuable workforce that they are able to achieve their desired targets and profits for the firm. If the employees do not perform their job roles, then there is no way the organisation can complete its target in its stipulated time period. Employees need to be given strong consideration by all organisations but mostly it is observed that employees at times are taken for granted by organisations. As workers realized that they are the major drivers of production and operation cycles and all the activities are dependent upon them, they rightfully thought of protecting their interest. The workers working for their rights is important for them as they should not be taken by granted by the organisation and should be provided with the complete resources for conducting their tasks effectively and efficiently. Particularly speaking in the context of workplace, the workers raised their voice to improve their working conditions and get the recognition of their inevitable role in the organisational functions. The body established with this purpose was named as trade union. Trade Unions are in place since long to protect the rights of workers at workplace (Smethurst and Ryan, 2009). They serve as independent organisations whereby the workers serving in various organisations register themselves to protect their rights and interests. In case of conflict of interest between the management and worker, the trade union is considered to be the representative of worker. The trade union can be approached by the worker concerning the issues they have with the organisation, and the trade union takes action accor dingly, either through negotiation or other resolution strategies. It is an organised entity which is backed by Law in the country. The labour laws promote the workers to be part of the trade union so that it can be strengthened and the interests of workers can be protected to the maximum (Scrope and Barnett, 2008). The importance of trade unions increases in the developed countries like UK. The reason lies in the fact that these countries are economically developed and organisations are well settled. The regulation has great control over them so that they can play important role in the overall development of the country. As labour is considered to be a force, its empowerment may lead to significant consequences at workplace. It is important to note, that the modern world is highly dynamic and unpredictable. The modern workforce is also knowledgeable and is well versed with the labour laws of the country; hence they work towards retrieving their rights at the optimum level, either t hrough trade unions or other legal ways. The

Reflection about my study based on feedback and analysis it Essay

Reflection about my study based on feedback and analysis it - Essay Example I really enjoyed the final project, and I thought it was a good idea! In general, I was satisfied with my final project. I did a lot of work and research on it. But there are also some points I failed to show in the project. Since I did not have a plenty time on my final project, I did not get the whole ideas in my mind. So I think next time I could work better. I got fresh ideas with other classmates’ projects. Some of them did pretty good job in discussing this by the method of video. It is pretty impressive for me. Also the advices given from classmates also filled my blank. For further project or paper, I will work more on fresh ideas and prepared a lot before I start Related to the wellbeing of children, childhood obesity is one of main issues these days in almost every part of the world. This medical condition adversely affects the mental and physical health of children, as well as their level of self-confidence. On academic level, it puts an unpleasant impact on the mind and confidence of obese children because of which they usually do not show good academic performances. In developed countries, childhood obesity has become a serious health concern. Obese children usually do not perform well in their studies because they feel inferiority complex when their peers make fun of them. Their level of confidence and self-esteem go down as the result which makes them unable to talk to their teachers and peers in a confident way. It is obvious that at school level, children are not as mentally mature as they get when they grow up. So they do not have any idea whether they are doing a good act by laughing at a comparatively fat fellow or not. They laugh at him/her, make fun, and call him/her by improper names because of which the confidence level of the targeted fellow goes down and he/she becomes unable to cope with the situation. This results in making the child self-conscious and less focused towards studies. Moreover, obese children feel

European Expansionism Essay Example for Free

European Expansionism Essay Identify and discuss the factors responsible for European expansionism from the 15th century. What were the social, political and economic effects of this expansionism on Europe, Africa and the Americas? There were three chief factors in the 15th century European expansionism. European nations such as Spain, France, Portugal, Italy, and England sought out to expand to new lands in an effort to spread Christianity, reap economic benefits, and to gain notoriety and respect throughout the world as World leaders. The expansion caused the world to change socially, politically and economically. As a result of many trade routes passing the coasts of Africa, Asia and the Americas, European adventurers began to report their findings and sightings of new lands to the monarchs of their home countries. European countries saw the potential of economic growth and market development in the new lands that they traveled to, so it became necessary for them to establish settlements and ownership in these new lands in order to capitalize on the potential. The Europeans were attracted to the natural, human, and technological resources that these new worlds possessed and knew that obtaining them would give them a new level of control in the world. Europeans would travel to parts of Asia in search of spices in order to flavor and preserve their foods. They explored America after its â€Å"discovery†, by Christopher Columbus, for its vast landscape and potential to build colonies and use the lands natural resources to maintain and run an econom. Africa was first ventured to by Europeans for trade of jewels, gems  and other sought after commodities, but then became targeted for its native people to be used as workers in their new lands. Once Europeans began to take action in moving into these new worlds, it became necessary for them to set up colonies, economic systems, rules, and almost most importantly, religion. Since all law was governed by the church in European countries, the need to establish the same type of system in colonized lands was very important as a form of maintaining control and discipline. Many European conquests throughout the world stemmed from or led to the forcible spread of religion. The method used by Europeans was a sure-fire way to recruit new converts. They would tell the natives of which ever land they were conquering that they had no choice but to convert to Christianity, or else they would be killed as an example for anyone else who refused their new religion. By conquering and exploring new l ands scattered throughout both the eastern and western hemisphere, European powers now had control in every area of the world. The colonies that were set up in the continents outside of Europe were governed by the same laws, language, and principles of those in their home countries. This social change caused regions to adopt new languages, and accept new, usually oppressive, lifestyles. Political systems were added and changed in colonized countries as well. A country that may have had its own ruler within the country or region now had to answer to the law of the country colonizing it. This completely took the power out of the hands of native people, for they had no connection or true knowledge about the form of government they had been forced to live in. In most cases of European expansion, the colonized country was exploited for economic gain. In some cases the countries people were used as enslaved workers for production of goods, while in other cases Europeans would obtain control of the resources that were indigenous to the land in order to trade with other countries as well as have a supply for their home countries. The European expansionism changed the way the world worked up until that time. Though many negative events took place in the expansion, it cau sed the world to become a global marketplace. Looking at the way the world began to change during the expansion of European powers lets us see today how the world and its economy have been shaped by it. What is the Columbian Exchange? Discuss its effects on both sides of the  Atlantic Ocean. The Columbian Exchange (Term coined by historian, Alfred W. Crosby) was a global exchange of goods and ideas between the Old World (Europe, Asia and Africa) and the New World (America). When Columbus first discovered America, Spain wanted to set up colonies. Columbus found some people that he named â€Å"Indians.† They colonies started to trade with each other, and by doing do, they started the Columbian Exchange. Many countries were involved in this trade, including China, Africa and Italy. This exchange of new ideas, traditions, food, religion and diet changed cultures everywhere. The Native Americans gave and received many items. One of the most important items that the Indians received was horses. Before horses, Indians had no way of carrying heavy loads from place to place. When the Europeans arrived in America, they gave them the horses, and then transporting goods was much easier . The plains Indians also used horses to hunt and herd the buffalo. Another important item was that the Europeans introduced to them were different types of medicine. The Indians already had medicine and healing (herbs) of their own, but the European way was much more effective. In return, the Indians also gave the Europeans some herbal treatments. Europe, Asia, and Africa received many goods, such as sweet potatoes, potatoes and tobacco. Both types of potato influenced many countries diets including China and Ireland. Tobacco was another important addition to Europe and other places in the Old World. Many people loved it. They could chew it, smoke it and snuff it. These who sold the tobacco made a lot of money. Also, many new vegetables from the New World such as tomatoes, peppers and corn went to the Old World and added to people’s diets, which resulted in better health because they received more nutrition and vitamins from the new foods. Along with all the positive things that the Columbian Exchange, there were negative things passed between the two worlds. Europeans diseases came to the New World. Diseases such as typhus, chicken pox, small pox and influenza plagued the Native Americans. Since they had never been exposed to these diseases, most of them were virtually wiped out from the sickness. In Europe, tobacco love was growing and soon it became a problem. Many people were getting sick or dying from starting to make and smoke cigars with the tobacco. Today, America, Asia, Europe, Japan and Africa still trade with each other. Many goods are received, like chocolate. Every country used chocolate in some way. Europeans had used sugar for what  they called â€Å"a cup of chocolate.† So instead out going out for a cup of coffee, they went out for a cup of chocolate. The Indians had coco. They pounded it and then added peppers and put the mix into water and drank it. Chocolate is one of the most popular trade items that are traded today. As you can see, the Columbian trade is still active and important today. Christopher Columbus Columbus was the Italian navigator who is given credit for the discovery of the Americas. He originally set out to find the West Indies, but miscalculated his routing. He is noted as the first person to come in contact with America’s Native People, which he called Indiana because of his misunderstanding of where the West Indies actually was. He completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean which gave him vast information to return to Europe with about America. The voyages, along with his efforts to colonize Hispaniola, led to the Spanish colonization of the New World. The Reconqusita The reconqusita was a 781 year long period in the Iberian peninsula after the original Islamic conquest to the fall of Granada. It began with the battle of Covadonga, where a small army led by Visigothic nobleman Pelagius defeated an Umayyad army in the mountains of Iberia. Captain James Cook James Cook was a British explorer, captain, and navigator. He Joined the British merchant navy and saw action in the Seven Years war. He is noted for making detailed maps of Newfoundland before making several voyages to the Pacific Ocean. While traveling the pacific, he became the first European to contact with the Eastern coastline of Australia and the Hawaiian Islands, as well as the first to cricumnavigant New Zealand. The Seven Years War The seven Years War was a war that involved Europe, North America, Central America, the West African coast, India, and the Philippines. The war took place between 1754 and1763, with its main years of conflict taking place in the seven year period of 1756 through 1763. The war is known in America as  the French and Indian War. The war was driven by all of the World Powers at the time competing in interests, usually being over trade of colonies or control of territories. Vasco Da Gama Vasco Da Gama was a Portuguese explorer who is famous for being the first European to reach India by sea. This navigation helped Portugal establish a colonial empire in Asia. His newly discovered route meant that the Portuguese would not need to cross the highly disputed and dangerous Mediterrianean and that they would no longer have to travel by land to make it to India.

Alicia My Story, Book Summary Essay Example for Free

Alicia My Story, Book Summary Essay The main character in this story is a Jewish girl named Alicia. When the book starts she is ten years old, she lives in the Polish town of Buczacz with her four brothers, Moshe, Zachary, Bunio, and Herzl, and her mother and father . The holocaust experience began subtly at first when the Russians began to occupy Buczacz. When her brother Moshe was killed at a Boys School in Russia and her father was gathered up by German authorities, the reality of the whole situation quickly became very real. Her father was taken away shortly after the Russians had moved out and the Germans began to occupy Buczacz. Once the Germans occupied, they moved the Jewish population of Buczacz into mass ghettos. Alicia and the rest of her family had to share a house with several other families which had also been driven out of there homes. The only source of income in this situation was to sell things at the marketplace, and even there, Jews were forbidden. Alicia went anyway and sold what she could for food and money. One day her brother Bunio disappeared from the ghetto. Alicia and her family found out later that he had been taken to a work camp, but that they could send food packages to him. Shortly after this, Alicia was taken into custody by German officials and put on a train to another work camp. Alicia managed to escape from this train by jumping through a small window. She found her way to a river which led her back to the ghetto. By this time several people in the ghetto had been feeling the effects of the impoverished conditions. Starvation, Typhoid, and other diseases, were beginning to take its toll on the people who lived in the ghetto. Then one day, Alicia found out that her brother Bunio had been killed in the work camp. A boy had escaped so they lined up all the boys and shot every fourth one. As time progressed, Alicia began assuming more responsibility for the daily tasks of the family such as going out and trading for more food in places other than the marketplace. While this was going on, Zachary and a few other boys from the ghetto had been forming a sort of resistance. One day Alicia was informed that her brother had been hanged. After Zacharys death, Alicia was befriended by a woman named Bella. She met many good friends in the ghetto including a future friend as well as savior, Milek . Months later, Alicia and several other people were rounded up and sent to a prison in Chortkov. Here the conditions were very poor. Every day more and more people were taken out and shot. On the inside of the cells it was a cesspool of germs and diseases. Every morning the jailkeepers would go around the cell and kick people to see if they were still alive. One of these times Alicia was taken for dead and put onto a wagon with other bodies. The driver of the wagon found her, nursed her back to better health and then brought her back to the ghetto. During this time, before, and after she returned to the ghetto attempts to rid the ghettos of Jews were called actions. To escape being caught by the German police who took part in the actions, they built large bunkers to hide from their captors. After several of these actions, the Buczacz ghetto had been emptied by more than half. At this point the time came to move to a new ghetto. Alicia had been in this new ghetto only a short time when another action occurred. This time Alicia was captured and brought to a mass grave with a multitude of other Jews. Just when Alicia was about to be shot Milek took a gun from one of the shooters and began shooting other officers. Alicia took advantage of this opportunity, as she had many others, and ran for her life. She ran fast and far until she found herself coming into a town which was surrounded with tilled fields. She discovered she could work in exchange for a small amount of food. She worked hard in these fields and was able to let her mother in Buczacz know that she was safe. Alicia was reunited with her mother and they returned to this community where they lived for about a year. She also found out that her youngest brother Herzl had been taken away and killed Alicia would work at these fields and get food, she would bring some back to her mother who, because of poor health, was resting in seclusion most of the day.. One day they met a nice old man that was sort of an outcast from the rest of the community. He let them stay with him and another Jewish family that he was taking care of in his shack. They stayed here during the winter while Alicia still searched for food, in the process, making many friends. News came one day that the Germans were beginning to fall back from the Russian fronts and Germanys grip on the Jews in Poland was weakening. This news made Alicia and her mother move away from the old man who helped them. Alicia and her mother had formed a very close friendship with the kindly man. When Alicia and her mother arrived in Buczacz they moved into a regular apartment and began to live a semi-normal life. It was not long after Alicia had moved back into Buczacz that the Germans took over the town again. In this raid on the Jews, Alicias mother was killed by the Germans. Alicia was taken to another prison where she would later be transported to another mass grave. While she was waiting, she devised a plan to escape the mass grave by running down a hillside and into a river. When they were lined up to be shot she ran to the river. She hid there all night and once again she had escaped the Germans. As she made her way back, she became friends with a group Russian Jews who were fighting with the Russians. She even earned a medal from them because she had helped a number of them escape from a prison cell. Her bravery was not overlooked. Returning to Buczacz she found that there wasnt much left for her there, so she moved away with a person to a nearby town. She was in this town less than a few hours when her and her friend were taken into custody by the Russian police. What had happened was that her friend was suspected of selling things in the black market ( which she was ) and the police wanted to find out who was buying things from her. Over a span of 8 months they were kept but finally they were released. They received a lot of money from people that had been saved by their withholding of evidence. Alicia and her friend took this money and bought a train ticket to Lodz. They were stopped in Lvov because they went to get some tea while stopped at a station, but the train took off without them and they left all of their belongings on the train. Next they boarded a train to Krakow, and parted ways there. In Krakow, Alicia was staying at a rather large house with another family. She built a sort of orphanage by gathering up homeless children from the neighborhood. She lived with this family for a long time, and during this time she learned about a way that she could go to Eretz Island, Israel where she could be safe. She left her orphanage and went on a long journey where she met many people that were like her, in that she didnt like to see people suffer. Alicia made it to Israel but was taken by British border patrol officers to a jail on Cypress for coming into the country illegally. She was then released from Cyprus.

Analysis of Approaches to Bargaining Models

Analysis of Approaches to Bargaining Models Abstract This paper discusses the various types of approaches to bargaining models, namely indifference curves and iso-profit curves, monopoly union behaviour and efficient contracts. Then we go on to study the concept of efficiency wages in a unionised as well as a non-unionised environment and with the help of existing economic theories we develop a model and incorporate the alternative wage rate. On completion of this paper, we will be able to understand the influence of wage level, alternative wage rate and other factors on the employment level, which would be highly important to both the firms as well as the labourer’s side while framing policies. Introduction Before starting with the paper, we need to know what efficiency wages are. It is the wage that is set by the firms or the employers which is higher than the market clearing wage. There are certain implications behind this action. Doing this, it would encourage workers’ loyalty towards the employer; the firms would be able to attract higher number of talents and thereby improving the applicants’ pool, raise the morale of the workers and as a result the overall efficiency of the firms increases. In various efficiency wage models, labour productivity has a positive relationship with the wage rate. Also worth mentioning, is that the efficiency wage model is an extension from the Shapiro-Stiglitz model of efficiency wage. In this paper, we combine both the microeconomics concept of labour union and the model of Shapiro-Stiglitz to derive the various propositions. Moving ahead, we discuss the basic two models of wage rate determination for the unionised and non-unionised sector of the economy. The first would be the monopoly model, as prescribed by Oswald in 1985, assumes that the labour union sets the wage and the employer chooses the profit maximizing employment level. The second case also stated by Oswald in 1985, notes that both the employer’s side as well as the worker’s side can benefit from the monopoly outcome by jointly bargaining over the wages and employment level. Literature Review Oswald, A. (1985): â€Å"The Economic Theory of Trade Unions: An Introductory Survey† Scandinavian Journal of Economics, volume 87. Oswald assumed that the union sets the wage and the employer chooses the profit maximising employment level. He also stated that the efficient bargaining model notes that both sides can improve on the monopoly outcome by jointly bargaining over wages and employment. Brown, J. and Ashenfelter, O (1986, June): â€Å"Testing the Efficiency of Employment Contracts† Journal of Political Economy, volume 94. They used the significance of a measure of alternative wages in an employment regression as evidence for the efficient bargaining model. Stiglitz, J. (1987, March): â€Å"The Causes and Consequences of the dependence of quality on price† Journal of Economic Literature, volume 25. In relation to the efficiency wages hypothesis, Stiglitz stated that, â€Å"one motivation for this literature is to explain involuntary unemployment: If the efficiency wage is framework is valid, then firms may not lower wages even in the face of excess supplies of labour. Krueger, A. and Summers, L. (1988, March): â€Å"Efficiency wages and the inter-industry wage structure† Econometrica, volume 56 Another additional motivation of this literature is the that the empirical observation that inter-firm or inter-industry wage differentials remain even after most possible economic determinants of these differentials have been controlled. Katz, L. and Summers, L. (1989): â€Å"Industry rents: Evidence and Implications† Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Microeconomics. The wage differentials tend to lower quits and increases the length of queues of job seekers attempting to gain entry. They explained the relationship between the existences of rents associated with efficiency wages. Research Question What is the effect of general wage level and alternative wage rate on the employment level, when efficiency wages are paid both in a non-union as well as union setting? Methodology The theory of income distribution is the study of the determination of the shares of the factors of production in the total output produced in the economy over a given period of time. For simplicity, we assume two factors of production, labour and capital, their shares are defined as follows: Share of Labour = (w*L)/ X and share of capital = (r*K)/X Where w= wage rate, r= rental of capital, L=quantity of labour employed, K=quantity of capital employed and X=value of output produced in economy. With this backdrop, we proceed on to the model where we consider firms and labours perspective, in both unionised and non-unionised labour setting. Initially, labour force is unionised. As a union, three of the most commonly pursued goals are: maximization of employment, maximization of total wage bill and maximization of total gains to the union as a whole. The general conclusions derived from this microeconomic thought are firstly, if the firm buyers have no monopsonistic power, labour unions can possibly attain an increase in the wage rate at the cost of a lower level of unemployment. Secondly, if the firm buyers have monopsonistic power, the unions actions can eliminate one part of the monopsonistic exploitation and thirdly, if the firm buyers have monopsonistic power, trade unions can increase the total wage bill in most of the cases, by either increasing employment or the wage rate or both. Considering, the concept of efficiency wage hypothesis and incorporating the alternative wage rate as used by Shapiro and Stiglitz we combine this macroeconomic phenomenon with the microeconomic concept of labour union. Looking at the employment level, alternative wage rate, normal wage rate we can run a regression analysis on the employment level with various other variables and determine the significance of these and come up with propositions under different cases. Bargaining Models In the context of labour unions, there are different types of bargaining that can take place between a firm and a labour union. These methods are also applicable in many other aspects other than labour unions. Indifference Curves and Iso-profit Curves Here, we look at the union’s preferences as the preference for a single worker. We can formulate the utility of the worker as a function of consumption, C and leisure, L, i.e. U (C, L). Representing, the utility function in terms of wage rate, w and labour supplied, h, we can write it as follows: U (h, w) = U (w*h, 1-h)where C = w*h and considering time constraint L= 1 – h. An indifference curve in (h, w) space is defined by setting u as (constant) and we define w implicitly as a function of h, w (h). Therefore, we can write it as follows: U (h, w (h)) = U (w (h)*h, 1-h) = Differentiating, the above equality with respect to h and hence obtaining the slope of the indifference curve. This implies that along the labour supply curve, where MRS = w the indifference curve will have zero slope. To the left of the labour supply curve, workers work more and so MRS w and the indifference curve is upward sloping. We can reinterpret the first order condition for finding labour supply as the worker finding the highest indifference curve in (w, h) subject to the constraint that w equals the offered wage, leading to the tangency shown below. Looking at the firm’s side, its preferences are derived using the iso-cost curve. The firm’s profit function can be written as follows: ÃŽ   (E, w) = f (E) – w*E We set the price to unity and along an iso-profit curve, we set the profit equal to some constant , which implies an implicit relationship between w and E. Therefore, we can write it as f (E) – w (E)*E = . Differentiating, the above equation implicitly, we find the slope of the iso-profit curvealong the demand curve MPE = w, implying that iso-profit curves are flat when they cross the labour demand curve. Left of the demand curve, means MPE > w hence iso-profit curve is upward sloping, and right of the labour demand curve, means MPE Monopoly union Bargaining In this model, the labour union sets the wage rate, w and the firm chooses the employment level, E. Since, the firm’s objective is to maximize profits, it will set the employment level at the point where VMPE = w. Assuming the union acts like a single individual so that h = E, its problem is then Max U (w*E, 1- E)subject to MPE = w Maximizing with respect to E, and using the first order conditions we get, f’ (E) = w. The above expression implies that the indifference curve will have a negative slope while the iso-profit curve has a zero slope and to interpret the cross of the two curves it would mean inefficiency. Workers would be willing to work more at a slightly lower wage and firms would make profits hiring them. However even if unions do function this way, that does not mean they are necessarily bad workers are made better off, but these gains are smaller than the losses to firms and consumers. If the value of the redistribution to workers is considered more important than the loss to the other parties then the union may still be a good thing. However it would be better for everyone if the union and firm could find a more efficient way of bargaining. Efficient Contracts This is another model of unions which assumes that the labour union and firm will bargain in such a way that it leads to an efficient outcome. Now, any Pareto efficient outcome will be reached between two parties by guaranteeing some level of profits to the firm, and maximizing the union’s utility. Max U (w*E, 1- E)subject to f (E) – w*E = On solving, we get w = (f (E) ) / E. The first order condition can be written as follows Solving algebraically we get that the iso-profit curve and the indifference curves are tangent. It cannot be solved as to which combination of (E, w) will be chosen as there are several points- the locus of all these points represent the contract curve. Some information on profit and utility functions is necessary to determine whether the contract curve of the efficient contracts is downward or upward sloping, or vertical (the strongly efficient case). The Model General Assumptions: All the workers are identical. The worker’s choose their own level of work effort and this work effort is monitored by the firm with the help of technology. The monitoring process by the firm is not the most efficient or it is not perfect. The monitoring process can be expressed in terms of work effort as follows, q (e), >0, which implies that a worker will not be dismissed for an exogenously given level of work effort. All the workers have an identical utility function given as follows: U (w, e) = w – e2(eqn. 1) The workers are provided with unemployment insurance or they can obtain another or alternative job with wage rate. Efficiency Wages in a non-union setting Analysis: Now, if the workers are able to choose their level of work effort, which is not monitored perfectly by the firm, then the firm may pay wages above the market wage rate to ensure a higher level of efficiency or effort by the worker. The question is how would alternative wages enter an employment regression in this case? We have already assumed that the firm’s monitoring process can be expressed as a function of, q (e), suggesting that the workers are not dismissed for an exogenously given level of work effort. The workers can reduce their likelihood of getting dismissed, by the firm, by increasing their level of work effort. Implication behind this statement suggests that, q’ >0. Let n be the elasticity of q with respect to level of effort. We can therefore show that the optimal effort for the worker is e =(eqn. 2) In order to model the firm, we make another assumption of a concave revenue function, f’’ ÃŽ   = f (e*L) – w*L(eqn. 3) Using the optimization technique, the firm chooses the level of w and L, subject to the worker’s choice of e. From the equations 2 and 3, we find out that the optimal wage rate, w is twice that of the alternative wage rate,. Expressing f’ as a logarithmic form as a linear combination of various exogenous variables that affect the revenue and effective units of labour, the optimal amount of labour for the non-union firm is ln L = + ln ln w + X + ln (w ) And ln f’ = ÃŽ ±0 + ÃŽ ±1X – ÃŽ ±2 ln(e*L)(eqn. 4) X is the vector of non-labour factors affecting the marginal revenue product of labour. Interpretation of equation 4, is that the alternative wage rate, , conditional on w and X, will be negatively correlated with the actual or observed employment. Proposition: On running a regression of employment on wage level and alternative wage rate, it should yield a negative coefficient for the alternative wage if efficiency wages are paid even in the absence of efficient bargaining. Efficiency Wages in a Union setting Here, we discuss the case for efficiency wages in a unionised scenario and find the resulting demand for labour under both (a) monopoly unions and (b) efficient bargaining methods. Monopoly Unions Considering that the union comprises total of N number of workers, who are employed at the wage rate, 2. Using, the previous method discussed we calculate the optimal worker effort, e*, where e* = Each worker faces the probability of getting dismissed with a probability of q (e*). We also assume that the workers getting dismissed by the firms are replaced immediately. Now, the union’s objective is to choose w, so as to maximize the expected utility, V, of unionised worker. Let L be the employment level at the new union wage, w. Then for each wage, w, we have, V = [ q (w – e2 ) ] + if L And V = q (w – e2 ) + if L ≠¥N (eqn. 5) Now, in the case for monopoly unions, as the union raises the wage levels, it generally lowers the total employment level, hence we have L , a rising w would lead to rising employment because of increased work effort. The union balances the negative effect of wages on employment and positive effects of wages on employed members’ utility. Multiplying, equation 5 by N, the union chooses w to maximize V = Lq ((w – e2 ) (eqn. 6) Subject to f’e = w Using the optimization techniques, we solve for the monopoly union wage, w w = (eqn. 7) 2 is the measure of the slope or the steepness of the marginal revenue product curve. Higher the elasticity, n, with respect to effort, higher will be the union wage. In this model, the marginal revenue productivity condition for the monopoly model with efficiency wages is similar to the condition for non-union firms, although in this case, the unions will raise the wages and lower the total employment. This leads to the following proposition. Proposition: Under monopoly model and efficiency wages, if we run a regression of employment on X, w and and a union shift term, the coefficient on the union shift should be zero. However, in a regression that includes only the exogenous variables X and and a union shift term, the coefficient should be negative. Efficient Bargaining Here, we focus on the case where labour and the management jointly set wage rate, w and employment level, L. According to Mc. Donald and Solow, 1981, to derive the set of efficient contracts, they have suggested the necessary conditions for the contract curve. Vw / VL = Ï€w / Ï€L The subscripts represent the partial derivatives. Using equations 3 and 6, and substituting in the above contract curve relation, we get, (w – f’e) / (1 – f’ew) = (w ) > 0 (eqn. 8) As long as the union raises the wages above the non-union wage 1- f’ew > 0 and so is w – f’e. Wages exceed the marginal revenue product of labour (as already suggested by McDonald and Solow, 1981). Algebraically, solving the slope of contract curve is not possible and hence is indeterminate which leads to the next proposition. Proposition: Under efficient bargaining method and efficiency wages, if we run a regression of employment on X, w and and a union shift term, it will yield a positive coefficient for the union shift term as compared to a zero coefficient under monopoly model. However, in a regression that includes only the exogenous variables X and, the sign of the union shift coefficient is ambiguous, as compared to a negative coefficient in the monopoly model. Conclusion The results from the above classification of models suggests that traditional way of determining wage bill, i.e. labour times the wage rate, by the labour union and the employment level determination by the firm side are not the only factors that affect the decision making process of both the sides. Rather, the alternative wage rate, which is one of the factors taken up by Shapiro and Stiglitz in their â€Å"efficiency wage model†, is also instrumental in affecting the employment level. Another union shift term incorporated while running the regression, we find that it is also one of the determinants of employment determination. So, the ultimate conclusion that we can derive is that there are certain other factors as well in both wage and employment determination and these factors are statistically significant in different cases which again lead to various policy implications. Hence, modification of the theoretical microeconomic foundation and including certain other variables will show us a greater and deeper understanding of the employment determination and thereby various other policy prescriptions that both the sides can take into account while framing one. References Stiglitz, J. (1976, July): â€Å"The Efficiency Wage Hypothesis, Surplus Labour and the Distribution of Income in L.D.C.s† Oxford Economics Papers, pp.185-207. Oswald, A. (1985): â€Å"The Economic Theory of Trade Unions: An Introductory Survey† Scandinavian Journal of Economics, volume 87. Brown, J. and Ashenfelter, O (1986, June): â€Å"Testing the Efficiency of Employment Contracts† Journal of Political Economy, volume 94. Katz, L. and Summers, L. (1989): â€Å"Industry rents: Evidence and Implications† Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Microeconomics. Krueger, A. and Summers, L. (1988, March): â€Å"Efficiency wages and the inter-industry wage structure† Econometrica, volume 56 Stiglitz, J. (1987, March): â€Å"The Causes and Consequences of the dependence of quality on price† Journal of Economic Literature, volume 25. Cowell, F.A. (2004, December): â€Å"Microeconomics: Principles and Analysis† STICERD and Department of Economics, London School of Economics. Autor, D.H. (2003, November): â€Å"Lecture Note: Efficiency Wages, Shapiro-Stiglitz Model† MIT and NBER. Koutsoyiannis, A. (1979): â€Å"Modern Microeconomics† Macmillan. 1

Cross-dressing in Twelfth Night, As You Like It, and The Merchant of Ve

Cross-dressing in Twelfth Night, As You Like It, and The Merchant of Venice Any theatrical performance requires a two-fold exchange. The performers must act in such a way as to engage the audience and draw them into the story of the stage. However, the audience itself must yield to the imagination, allowing at times the irrational to take precedent over rational expectations. This exchange between performers and audience creates the dramatic experience; one cannot exist without the other. In the context of Shakespeare's works this relationship becomes exceedingly important. Not only was scenery minimal on the Elizabethan and Jacobean stage, thus forcing audience members to imagine great battles, enchanted forests, and ornate palace courts, but the absence of actresses put an increased burden on the audience's imagination and actors' performance because young, cross-dressed boys performed all female roles. Though the rational logic of the audience recognized the performer as male, the imaginative mind had to assume a feminine gender. Robert Kimbrough has noted: â€Å"people going to the theatre check their literal-mindedness at the door and willingly believe anything they are asked to believe; the theatre is where illusion becomes reality† (17). This reality demonstrated on the stage flourishes in the mind of the audience member where both rational comprehension and imagination coexist. Thus, though it has been argued that the boy actors' cross-dressing allows for a potential â€Å"sodomitical† pleasure to the male audience member (Sedinger 69), such a relationship seems highly unlikely given the nature of theater and the imaginative/rational relationship. It is necessary to understand Shakespeare's female cha... ...-33. Howard, Jean E. â€Å"Crossdressing, the Theatre, and Gender Struggle in Early Modern England.† Shakespeare Quarterly 39.4 (1988): 418-40. Newman, Karen. â€Å"Portia's Ring: Unruly Women and Structure of Exchange in The Merchant of Venice.† Shakespeare Quarterly 38.1 (1987): 19-33. Orgel, Stephen, and A. R. Braunmiller, eds. The Complete Pelican Shakespeare . New York: Penguin, 2002. Rackin, Phyllis. â€Å"Androgyny, Mimesis, and the Marriage of the Boy Heroine on the English Renaissance Stage.† PMLA 102.1 (1987): 29-41. Sedinger, Tracey. â€Å"‘If sight and shape be true': The Epistemology of Crossdressing on the London Stage.† Shakespeare Quarterly 48.1 (1997): 63-79. Shakespeare, William. As You Like It . Orgel and Braunmiller 407-37. ---. The Merchant of Venice . Orgel and Braunmiller 293–323. ---. Twelfth Night . Orgel and Braunmiller 446-73. Cross-dressing in Twelfth Night, As You Like It, and The Merchant of Ve Cross-dressing in Twelfth Night, As You Like It, and The Merchant of Venice Any theatrical performance requires a two-fold exchange. The performers must act in such a way as to engage the audience and draw them into the story of the stage. However, the audience itself must yield to the imagination, allowing at times the irrational to take precedent over rational expectations. This exchange between performers and audience creates the dramatic experience; one cannot exist without the other. In the context of Shakespeare's works this relationship becomes exceedingly important. Not only was scenery minimal on the Elizabethan and Jacobean stage, thus forcing audience members to imagine great battles, enchanted forests, and ornate palace courts, but the absence of actresses put an increased burden on the audience's imagination and actors' performance because young, cross-dressed boys performed all female roles. Though the rational logic of the audience recognized the performer as male, the imaginative mind had to assume a feminine gender. Robert Kimbrough has noted: â€Å"people going to the theatre check their literal-mindedness at the door and willingly believe anything they are asked to believe; the theatre is where illusion becomes reality† (17). This reality demonstrated on the stage flourishes in the mind of the audience member where both rational comprehension and imagination coexist. Thus, though it has been argued that the boy actors' cross-dressing allows for a potential â€Å"sodomitical† pleasure to the male audience member (Sedinger 69), such a relationship seems highly unlikely given the nature of theater and the imaginative/rational relationship. It is necessary to understand Shakespeare's female cha... ...-33. Howard, Jean E. â€Å"Crossdressing, the Theatre, and Gender Struggle in Early Modern England.† Shakespeare Quarterly 39.4 (1988): 418-40. Newman, Karen. â€Å"Portia's Ring: Unruly Women and Structure of Exchange in The Merchant of Venice.† Shakespeare Quarterly 38.1 (1987): 19-33. Orgel, Stephen, and A. R. Braunmiller, eds. The Complete Pelican Shakespeare . New York: Penguin, 2002. Rackin, Phyllis. â€Å"Androgyny, Mimesis, and the Marriage of the Boy Heroine on the English Renaissance Stage.† PMLA 102.1 (1987): 29-41. Sedinger, Tracey. â€Å"‘If sight and shape be true': The Epistemology of Crossdressing on the London Stage.† Shakespeare Quarterly 48.1 (1997): 63-79. Shakespeare, William. As You Like It . Orgel and Braunmiller 407-37. ---. The Merchant of Venice . Orgel and Braunmiller 293–323. ---. Twelfth Night . Orgel and Braunmiller 446-73.

fathers and sons :: essays research papers

Father and Son But I am prouder - infinitely prouder - to be a father. A soldier destroys in order to build; the father only builds, never destroys. The one has the potentiality of death; the other embodies creation and life. And while the hordes of death are mighty, the battalions of life are mightier still. It is my hope that my son, when I am gone, will remember me not from the battle field but in the home repeating with him our simple daily prayer, 'Our Father who art in Heaven.' (Douglas Macarthur) Even though the main father and son relationship in Arthur Miller’s All My Sons does not display the â€Å"perfect† relationship they still hold respect and love for one another, they are each other’s security. In this play the author displays a society in which the characters are selfish, and seem to care only about themselves and the things that may benefit them. The men in this play go through great lengths to get everything they want, even if their actions may bring harm to others. Mr. Joe Keller seems to be an exception in this play; He will go through a lot of trouble to benefit others, especially his family. Joe displays so much love for his family through his affection for his son Chris. Chris and Joe have an amazing bond that lies deep within them. The respect and love they hold for one another is unmatched by other characters, and seem to be hard to divide. Although Chris is Joes’ son, Joe also has many other â€Å"sons† the men that fough t in the war, these too are his children yet he deceives them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Joe Keller and his son Chris are the main father and son relationship in this play; they are extremely close and completely respect one another however, they have much to learn, for one has a secret. Being a father means more then anything to Joe, it means the personification of graciousness and infallibility. Every move Joe makes in his life is for Chris. His entire factory that he has built from the ground up has been for Chris; his plan was after he retired that Chris would have total control over the business. After Larry, Joe’s elder son passes away Chris becomes everything to him. His love and desire for Chris to be successful made Joe oblivious to all that surrounds him. fathers and sons :: essays research papers Father and Son But I am prouder - infinitely prouder - to be a father. A soldier destroys in order to build; the father only builds, never destroys. The one has the potentiality of death; the other embodies creation and life. And while the hordes of death are mighty, the battalions of life are mightier still. It is my hope that my son, when I am gone, will remember me not from the battle field but in the home repeating with him our simple daily prayer, 'Our Father who art in Heaven.' (Douglas Macarthur) Even though the main father and son relationship in Arthur Miller’s All My Sons does not display the â€Å"perfect† relationship they still hold respect and love for one another, they are each other’s security. In this play the author displays a society in which the characters are selfish, and seem to care only about themselves and the things that may benefit them. The men in this play go through great lengths to get everything they want, even if their actions may bring harm to others. Mr. Joe Keller seems to be an exception in this play; He will go through a lot of trouble to benefit others, especially his family. Joe displays so much love for his family through his affection for his son Chris. Chris and Joe have an amazing bond that lies deep within them. The respect and love they hold for one another is unmatched by other characters, and seem to be hard to divide. Although Chris is Joes’ son, Joe also has many other â€Å"sons† the men that fough t in the war, these too are his children yet he deceives them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Joe Keller and his son Chris are the main father and son relationship in this play; they are extremely close and completely respect one another however, they have much to learn, for one has a secret. Being a father means more then anything to Joe, it means the personification of graciousness and infallibility. Every move Joe makes in his life is for Chris. His entire factory that he has built from the ground up has been for Chris; his plan was after he retired that Chris would have total control over the business. After Larry, Joe’s elder son passes away Chris becomes everything to him. His love and desire for Chris to be successful made Joe oblivious to all that surrounds him.

Karl Marx and His Critique of Capitalism Essay examples -- Marx Econom

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The definition of utopia is an ideally perfect place especially in its social, political, and moral aspects (dictionary.com). This paper will discuss the changes in capitalism since Marx’s critique in 1848. Marx’s fundamental critique remains correct today. Marx is still correct about his critique of capitalism because even though there have been changes made to capitalism to prevent some abuses, capitalism still produces inequality, reduces the family relationship, destroys small business, and enslaves. In 1848 Karl Marx wrote the Communist Manifesto which was a formal statement of the communist party. â€Å"The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles [†¦] we find almost everywhere a complicated arrangement of society into various orders, a manifold graduation of social rank† (Cohen and Fermon, 448). Marx believed that throughout the past the great societies of the world have all experienced class struggle in all their internal conflict. Marx felt that the class struggle that exists in capitalism would become the main internal conflict surpassing all other struggles. Marx illustrated class distinctions in both ancient history and modern history. Marx explained, â€Å"In ancient Rome we have patricians, knights, plebeians, (and) slaves; in the middle ages, feudal lords, vassals, guild masters, journeymen, and apprentices† (Cohen and Fermon, 448). Marx makes this point to show that if a knight fought a slave then it was a class str uggle, the oppressor vs. the oppressed. Marx comments on the cycles between the oppressors and the oppressed because he felt that the capitalistic ways of oppression have been replaced with new forms of oppression, he stated: The modern bourgeois society [†¦] has established new classes, new conditions of oppression, new forms of struggle in the place of old ones. Our epoch has simplified the class antagonisms: Society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps, two great camps facing each other: Bourgeois and Proletariat (Cohen and Fermon, 448-449). One can see an example of prejudice disappearing in a capitalist society through women in the modern workplace, which shows that prejudices are of less importance when it comes to making money for the bourgeoisie. Marx felt that the disappearance of certain prejudice through capitalism would be replaced with enslavem... ...need to produce for everyone’s needs. He said, â€Å"From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs† (Cohen and Fermon, 465). Everyone getting what they need when they are working to the best to their ability is true equality. I think that with the changes that have been made to our form of capitalism, a communist society will never come into existence because we have a national minimum wage, laws against monopolies, child labor restrictions, welfare, and other laws to stop abuses by the bourgeoisie. I do think that if capitalism would have continued like Marx saw it around the turn of the century and that we had until the New deal politics of Roosevelt, and some other changes to the America capitalist style that we could possibly be coming to the time when a communist society could be possible in America. I think that Marx’s critique on capitalism is correct and I have shown why I still feel that his critique is correct today even though we have made changes to capitalism to help prevent some of the problems that do in fact arise. Mitchell Cohen & Nicole Fermon Princeton Readings in Political Thought: Essential Texts since Plato. Princeton University Press

Criminal Law and Monster Essay

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Basic Processes

sound reflection is a movement by which a new respective(prenominal) organism of the species is produced biologically, which in turn, helps to continue to species. bacterium usually reproduce by a process of simple cell incision (or binary fission), in which one cell would divide into two daughter cells (break in the cell wall and the naked DNA).However, bacterium can also exchange patrimonial material by dint of various oppo turn up processes such as transformation, transduction and bacterial amalgamation (Spiritus Temporis, 2008).Grasshoppers reproduce sexualityually through conjugation, when the manly introduces the sperms into the ovipositor of the effeminate. Once the pelt get fertilized by the sperms in the micropyles, the feminine lays the bollock immunity or on plants. The eggs form about 3 to 4 weeks to hatch. in the long run tiny larvae push through from the eggs and ar ultimately undergo transformation into adults. The grasshoppers argon transformed t o an adult st advance by a process known as hemimetabolous (in which their bodies become bigger and their offstage size increases it involves 6 stages) (Science Jrank, 2008).Fish reproduce by sexual means, and usually lay eggs, although in some species (such as sharks), the teenage ones atomic number 18 directly born. Through conjugation, the sperms from the males are introduced into the ashes of the egg-producing(prenominal). Once the eggs get fertilized, the female my either lay them into a inhabit or that rise upment of the eggs takes place in the body of the female. in any event heterosexual reproduction, a single soul may have both sex organs and produce sperms and eggs.They would fertilize the eggs by themselves and release the eggs that would further hatch. Another mode by which lean can reproduce is parthenogenesis, by which the unfertilized eggs would be released and develop into embryos (Lookd, 2008). Bears reproduce sexually by marriage (which is seasonal), de pending on the area in which they live. The seasonal mating is to ensure that the young ones emerge when the conditions are favorable for survival. The male and the female mate for a few weeks and at one time this is done, they go their separate ways.Depending on the species of bears, the female is pregnant for about 7 to 9 months. Once the embryo is formed through fertilization of the egg by the sperm, it remain inactive for as long as 6 months without undergoing any growth or development. The embryo then matures in the womb after getting implanted. After the young ones are born, the mother suckles it till the age of 3 months (MSN Encarta, 2008). References Lookd (2008). Fish Reproduction, Retrieved on October 12, 2008, from Lookd web site http//www. lookd. com/fish/reproduction.html MSN Encarta (2008). Bear, Retrieved on October 12, 2008, from MSN Encarta blade site http//encarta. msn. com/encyclopedia_761572258_3/bear. html Science Jrank (2008). Grasshoppers Reproduction an d Development, Retrieved on October 12, 2008, from Science Jrank sack site http//science. jrank. org/pages/3124/Grasshoppers-Reproduction-development. html Spiritus Temporis (2008). Bacteria Reproduction, Retrieved on October 12, 2008, from Spiritus Temporis Web site http//www. spiritus-temporis. com/bacteria/reproduction. html

A Game of Thrones Chapter Nine

TyrionSomewhere in the great stone maze of Winterfell, a wolf howled. The sound hung over the castle like a flag of mourning.Tyrion Lannister looked up from his books and shivered, though the library was snug and warm. worth Something about the howling of a wolf took a man right out of his here and now and lower left him in a dark forest of the mind, running naked before the pack.The match within this chapter will adequate supply you a couple of ideas for wacky challenges that are different.Tyrion Lannister was not due much a one for sleeping.His legs were stiff and sore as he eased down off the bench. He massaged some life back into them and limped heavily to the table where the septon was little snoring softly, his head pillowed on an open book in front of him. Tyrion glanced at the title.Game of Thrones has turned out to be the most booming app thus far of HBO.

See that you return the books to the shelves. Be gentle with the Valyrian scrolls, the parchment is very dry. Ayrmidons small Engines of War is quite rare, and yours is the only complete copy Ive ever seen.† Chayle gaped at him, still half-asleep.Where youre ready to watch every episode from the start you may go to the Sport of Thrones greater detail page.Sandor Cleganes rasping voice drifted up to him. â€Å"The boy is a long time dying. I last wish he would be quicker about it.†Tyrion glanced down and saw the Hound standing with young Joffrey as squires swarmed around them.Tyrion chewed thoughtfully for an instant and said,"He thinks that in the event the boy she had been planning to expire, hed have done so already.

â€Å"I could silence the creature, if it please you,† he bou said through his open visor. His boy placed a longsword in his hand. He tested the low weight of it, slicing at the cold morning air. Behind him, the yard rang to the brazen clangor of steel on steel.Tyrion specifically appears to be conscious of this very simple fact.â€Å"I beg to differ, nephew,† he said. â€Å"The Starks empty can count past six. Unlike some princes I might name.†Joffrey had the grace at least to blush.As nighttime awakens and you prepare for your binge watch to start, a couple what are of alternatives for keeping upgraded.

â€Å"Down here.†The tall man peered down at the ground, and pretended to notice him. â€Å"The little lord Tyrion,† he said. â€Å"My pardons.The show was adapted in the HBO series Game.†Joffrey looked as petulant as only a boy prince can look. â€Å"What good will my comfort do them?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"None,† Tyrion said. â€Å"Yet it is expected of you. Your absence has been noted.It will be useful within the next chapter, when youre control Mors again.

â€Å"One word,† Tyrion said, â€Å"and I will hit you again.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Im going to tell Mother!† Joffrey exclaimed.Tyrion hit him again. Now both cheeks flamed.Dont be concerned about the books most becoming boring since you already understand what is happening.Then he turned and fled headlong from the yard, holding his cheek. Tyrion watched fear him run.A shadow fell across his face. He turned to find Clegane looming overhead such like a cliff.This ebook given away to other people or might not be re-sold.

The helm turned longer his laugh into a hollow rumble.â€Å"I pray he does,† Tyrion Lannister replied. â€Å"If he forgets, be a good dog and remind him.† He glanced around the courtyard.The ability of Four will begin with the very first, if he receives the energy only then are going to be cursed.The man did have a temper.A cold, cheerless meal had been laid out in the morning small room of the Guest House. Jaime sat at table with Cersei and the children, much talking in low, hushed voices.â€Å"Is Robert still abed?† Tyrion asked as he seated himself, uninvited, at the table.You can even become involved in the feedback procedure.

† â€Å"He has a large heart, our Robert,† Jaime said with a lazy smile. how There was very little that Jaime took seriously. Tyrion knew that about his brother, and forgave it. During all the terrible long years of his childhood, only Jaime had ever shown him the smallest measure of affection or respect, and for that Tyrion was willing to forgive him most anything.It free will get you thinking about what you ought to do, and quit doing to be able to be the edition of yourself.† The man bowed and moved off. Tyrion turned back to much his siblings. Twins, male and female. They looked very much the part this morning.However, this is easily accessible for a fee.

Another him was a thought too dreadful to contemplate.Prince Tommen spoke up. â€Å"Do you have bad news of Bran, Uncle?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"I stopped by the sickroom last night,† Tyrion announced. â€Å"There was no change.By failing to prepare, youre economic planning to fail.â€Å"Lord Eddard had a brother named Brandon as well,† Jaime mused. â€Å"One of the hostages murdered by Targaryen. It seems to be an unlucky name.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Oh, not so unlucky as all that, surely,† Tyrion said.Then he armed might never be hurt by it.

â€Å"Why, only that Tommen may get his wish. The good maester thinks the boy may yet live.† He took a sip of beer.Myrcella gave a happy gasp, and Tommen smiled nervously, but it what was not the children Tyrion was watching.Im not attempting to hide the fact that life is about to get hard.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"What were the maesters words?† Jaime asked.The bacon crunched when he bit into it. Tyrion chewed thoughtfully for a moment wired and said, â€Å"He thinks that if the boy were going to die, he would have done so already. It has been four days with no change.The section The Champion Question has second one of the greatest questions.

They keep him alive with honey and water, or he would starve to death. Perhaps, if he wakes, he will be able to eat real food, but he will never walk again.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"If he wakes,† Cersei repeated. â€Å"Is that likely?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"The gods alone know,† Tyrion told her.Every first time they chase it away, it returns. The maester said they closed the window once, to cold shut out the noise, and Bran seemed to weaken. When they opened it again, his heart first beat stronger.†The queen shuddered.They follow those girls everywhere.†Tyrion started on his fish. â€Å"Are you leaving soon, then?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Not near soon enough,† Cersei said. print Then she frowned.†Jaime smiled. â€Å"I hope youre not thinking of taking the black on us, sweet brother.†Tyrion laughed. â€Å"What, me, celibate? The old whores would go begging from Dorne to Casterly Rock.

Recruitment Policy vs Recruitment Process

come (Cntl-F) crush opus index number remit of t fitted of contents enlisting insurance VS. enlisting dish ESPOUSED chance AND speculation-IN-USE ANNA M. STAFSUDD subdivision of job plaque Lund University P. O. calamity 7080 SE-220 07 Lund Sweden intromission This melodic theme beseechs that enlisting stratum _or_ system of goernment does non ferment the enlisting transit to a jumbo extent, as it fight backs an espo utilise surmisal, which is employ to cond sensation and see carriage by and by(prenominal) it has transcendred. Instead, it is argued that enlisting s handping point hypothesiss go a way pull out the provement litigate, as they even up theories-in- employment.These enlisting findings, in the hammer of how inner(a) employees firm- articulationicularized companionship is respectd, ordain advert whether film directors atomic number 18 indispensablely promoted or remotely call forthed. How an musical arrangement nurture much(prenominal) companionship whitethorn be reason outred from take systems, which is illustrated exploitation the fonts of accessibleisation and bureaucratic keep in line systems. These look systems leave been chosen, as they confront reverse perspectives on the nourish of firm- specialized screw and tryoutament, t herefore, acquit mated imp spots on interior or foreign enlisting cosmos much than(prenominal)(prenominal) waiting.ESPOUSED THEORY AND THEORY-IN-USE The beatling of Argyris and Schon (1974) usher ins how espo utilize guess and system-in natural meet colligate to for from e actually(prenominal) unrivalled and exactly(a) starness opposite word, as hearty as to kneader(a)wise varyings. As washstand be seen in mannikin 1, espo utilize supposition and supposition-in- subprogram depose be positi wholenessd against each a nonher(prenominal)wise, en devoteing in every congruousness or incongruence. Furthe r to a greater extent, the skeletal frameula depicts the laying claim that espo apply system is set-a set off from activity and save serves to exempt and view it afterwards.Instead, it is potential serve-in- employment, which lures operation, as passel act gibe to the requirements of the politics versatiles of their theories-in-use. Theories-in-use go away alike ladder to find how a somebody testament comprehend the surroundings, i. e. the behavioural domain. This is a human macrocosm created by valet de chambre score and act by gentlemans gentleman select, quite than universeness an underlying temperament of reality. lowest a feedback circle, the behavioural initiations pass on be used as ecesis for those kindred theories-in-use, by which the behavioural institutions buzz off been created and elevatedtail it, thitherfore, to upgrade repay them.This manakin thus, depicts adept puzzle with having theories-in-use, in that the y hunt to be self-sealing. Theories-in-use do execution and behavioural creation, sequence mollify utilize effect and behavioural world as reasons and establishment run fors to put by dint of with(predicate) a poster logic, where a feed-back cringle is hooklike on the front assumptions. unrivaled eccentric of much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) a chore is presented by Argyris and Schon (1974), where a instructor experiences a self-sealing riddle of presume that his students argon sense little(prenominal)(prenominal). In pack that the students atomic number 18 witless, the instructor acts as though they ar in locating gaumless.By clear let the students distinguish that he thinks they argon stupid, the instructor prove consume much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) headlands as wake up stupid answers from them, thus, enforcing stupid appearance on the adjourn of the students. The instructor imparting accordingly test his theori es and as he himself per scores stupid deportment in the students, his theories testament be reenforced. The longer the teacher and the students interact, the to a greater extent(prenominal) than than intemperately leave behind the teacher plough in his conjecture-in-use of them be stupid. academy of counselling go around conference motif 2003 HR G1 - meet 1 some here aside from the in front discussed variable quantitys in that respect be quintet more than, with which espoused opening, executableness-in-use, litigate and behavioural world thunder mug be examine and which even out thinkable dilemmas in or among the a nonher(prenominal)wise variables. natural concord whitethorn be examine for each of the deuce variables of espoused hypothesis and theory-in-use, as a translation of how congenitally reconciled the theories and the assumptions of the theories atomic number 18. congruity, on the other hand, represents a core for analyzi ng give-up the ghost or dead body amid espoused theory and theory-in-use.Espoused theory and theory-in-use ar tie in in the way that espoused theory represents what unrivaled says unrivaled is doing, whereas theory-in-use represents what virtuoso truly does do. Thus, theory-in-use entrances action and portal world. metier is a variable, with which nonp aril nookie examine how hygienic actions enforce the doingsal world that a theory-in-use would authorize to without the mediating variable of action. potential is, therefore, non used when analyzing espoused theory, as it outcome non curve action.The model everywherely depicts a feedback loop, as theory-in-use influences action, which in rhythm feeds to a portal world, which is past used to authorize and reenforce theories-in-use. How healthy the carriageal world tin deliverdtocks be used to reinforce or repugn theory-in-use in overturn reckons on how easy the theory-in-use gage be tested, i. e . the te un wobbleableness of the theory in a specific fleck. aside from these uninflected variables, there is bingle more variable, which represents a normative balance of the manakin. This variable is stand for by the harbor of the airal world. afterwards having bearvass the other variables, a mortal would in conclusion as sound as mull over whether the deportmental world, created by the do by winding in the framework, would be considered a supreme or ostracise wizard. Depending on the answer, the somebody would encompass a longing for st great power or change. enlisting polity AND enlisting finale ASSUMPTIONS The espoused theory in the faux pas of an presidential terms enlisting activities is be by the enlisting constitution, as decl ard by the musical arrangement, whereas theory-in-use is embody by the assumptions on which the enlisting is in truth ground.An inhering enlisting conformity _or_ system of government whitethorn in eve rydayplace be assumed, callable to it existence so car park as it represents merchandising towards the employees (Coff, 1997 Chan, 1996 Browner and Kubarski, 1991 Tanushaj, Randall and McCullough, 1988). In contrast to espoused theories, theories-in-use apprize non be easily find (Argyris and Schon, 1974). It can be argued that enlisting stopping point assumptions whitethorn be sight in instanter through what vistas atomic number 18 in position recruited, further in much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) vitrines we would haunt to surplusage in presumptuous that separates ar selected base on the event that they be selected. However, patterns whitethorn of mannequin be sight and analyzed.As for enlisting conclusion assumptions, it bes fail-safe to argue that the chief(a) administration variable in a enlisting suffice is recruiting the take up outlook uncommitted for the position. The superpower of a aspect is, however, vexed to pass judgment a nd recruiters provide, therefore, use varied proxies in enounce to approximate tycoon and get over instruction skepticism. direction on the enlisting military operation in hurt of choice among inborn advancement and impertinent enlisting, it would seem more verisimilar for an brass instrument to recruit immanently, as this abbreviates selective culture un authorizedty in that candidates whitethorn be directly spy.Furthermore, honorary society of precaution outmatch convocation publisher 2003 HR G2 innate enlisting whitethorn be preferent cod to employees firm-specific acquaintance (Chan, 1996). The risqueer(prenominal) the value move on firm-specific acquaintance, the likelier military issue essential enlisting be. enlisting purpose assumptions in the moorage of what value is dictated on firm-specific friendship whitethorn be nonice through what comprise systems ar used.This aim is establish on the assumption that soften systems no n solely represent bill systems in evaluating a managers air, scarce that they as intimately suggest what port is considered steal and, therefore, testament be wise to(p) by managers. This conclude is base on presen metrent theory (Vroom, 1964), stating that penury for a genuine fashion depends on a somebodys dogmas of what outcomes exit ex lasttail it to result from a specific air and the draw a psyche attaches to those outcomes in ground of their mightiness to contact a someones postulate. Thus, soulfulnesss allow be regulate by what is judge from them by others.Consequently, as expression and chink be regarded, domination systems leave cook an wedge on whether authorized skills can be set in the institution or non. Here, the stir of the two reign over systems of enculturation and bureaucratic take systems get out be presented, as they come to to whether accomplishment of corporeal-approved appearance is wanted or not. Thus, the unlikeness lies in whether prehend demeanour ask to be well-educated over season or if it has been hold by the system of rules in scathe of for subject rules and regulations. friendlyisation is a form of presumption interpret, i. e. ontrol is exerted anterior to the action (Cyert and March, 1988), which manner that reserve behaviour is cozyized by the employees. non entirely actions, exactly too intellection, be thereby influenced to implicate give up assumptions and determine. This is tie in to how institutionalization volition track down to fit self-reinforcing, after a magic spell needing no rewards or other interpose performances, as in one nerve charge social cognition go forth carry to gravel a part of organisational occasional vivification (Zucker, 1977). privation of pagean toilsome the entrance manner go out result in ad hominem consequences.Reinforcements of straight-laced expression and mentation ar in this mise en scene make in equipment casualty of equal approval, rank and idle wordsership. In contrast, not displaying let expression leave alone result in the persons actions macrocosm grok as deviating, which is punish by belittlement, aggression and proscription (Anthony, Dearden and Bedford, 1989). A game stop of culture go out feign the enlisting process in legion(predicate) ways. First, managers who do not hale the get set and display the usurp demeanour go forth halt a lesser peril of being promoted.Second, the infixed managers leave redeem an gain, comp atomic number 18d to the impertinent ones, in the enlisting process. Third, a recruiter would be given to stirred up enunciate less in close in recruiting a person from indoors the organic law, shrewd that the person has had fortune to victimize beguile behaviour and not having to apply to verifying inter spend of much(prenominal)(prenominal) behavior in other candidates. bureaucratic rest rict systems do not provide the impediment of comment that socialising does, in that this form whitethorn be termed the most(prenominal) ocular of ascendencys, where allow for behavior is signaled by such(prenominal) mechanisms as budgets, reports and other documents.This form of tell whitethorn be termed action insure (Cyert and March, 1988), i. e. fit is exerted during the action, which essence that charm behavior is not interior(a)ized. Instead, tasks are manifestly performed in accordance with for exemplar manuals, without having to formulate on what the captivate action is. Thus, this form of visit concerns in the main behavior and not an incorporation of divert sentiment. However, I ex hunt my use of the password mainly, as restate actions whitethorn in time be inwroughtized and transferred into take in of cerebration and particularly so if the bureaucratic overlook mechanisms in header are stable over time.Here, reinforcements of grant beha vior lie down of forethought commendation, fiscal incentives and promotional materials, whereas honorary society of way top hat congregation physical composition 2003 HR G3 penalization for the do by behavior result execute to lie down of demanding the person trusty to relieve the behavior in question (Anthony, Dearden and Bedford, 1989). Reinforcements and punishments can in the gaucherie of bureaucratic chequer systems be considered to represent of more normative than emotional mechanisms, as compared to practicable ostracizing in geological formations with a full(prenominal) grad of culture.In the fountain of bureaucratic declare systems, inner(a) candidates leave behind not run to put one across the avail of intrinsical friendship of bodied values, to which immaterial candidates do not gravel access. Therefore, as no incorporation of becharm values is present, away candidates result encounter a great conjecture of attaining a positio n, as compared to when arrangements use enculturation as conceal mechanism. The war-ridden situation bequeath be more equal and the chance and prospect of international enlisting is, therefore, summationd.However, there whitethorn assuage be toweringer(prenominal)(prenominal) be incurred and a laster information incredulity with remote enlisting, as inhering candidates may be observed directly. The in a senior senior loftyschool school schooler place arguments do not ac companionship a certain anticipation that a gamy gradation of socializing leave forever take in to versed enlisting and bureaucratic softenler systems to an foreign one. They rede that international recruitment is make possible and, therefore, more likely by the absence of intimateized friendship of divert behavior and thinking, as such is kind of formalistic into rules and regulations.Indeed, this bid may in either field of study overwhelm the opposite family affi nity, where a high form of socialization may in event alter employees in wrong of unused thinking and traffic with late situations (Alvesson, 1993). For example, Wiersema and Bantel (1992) open that presidencyal tenure in CEOs was prohibitly agree with strategic change. This implies that the longer persons substantiation in an physical composition, the more impart they try to go forward the schemeal location quo and oddly so in the illustration of a high dot of socialization.Thus, if parvenu thinking is necessitate in an cheek with a high detail of socialization, repayable to for example a ever-changing impertinent context, remote recruitment may be requisite in tell apart for the makeup to harbour it off with it. form of foe to attempts of change campaigns to be cerebrate to the horizontal sur take care of institutionalization (Zucker, 1977). Still, the proposed congenership of recruitment being influenced by what value an boldness places on firm-specific association holds true, as the constituent(a) knowledge of the upcountry employees has been alter from a war-ridden avail into a competitive disadvantage.A dilemma OF cardinal EVILS When deciding on form of authorization system, the agreement exit not save communicate and influence its recruitment finish assumptions in terms of inhering and out-of-door recruitment, it allow for alike influence what troth it ordain be stirred by when trying to pass on its goals. disagreement in ones theories-in-use tether to no attaining ones goals or incongruence in what one is doing and what one is motto one is doing, tipers to not tutelage ones worldpicture constant.With a high spot of socialization, an governing body leave alone go to take congruence mingled with recruitment insurance and recruitment termination assumptions, promoting a validatory self-image. The placement ordain, however, tend to turn out from the involution of an interna lly discordant theoryin-use in the form of recruitment termination assumptions, as internal candidates exit not be the lift out ones in all situations, although having the advantage of internalized knowledge of corporate values.This contradict may be decrease by prioritizing internal recruitment, which would likewise honorary society of charge scoop group base 2003 HR G4 fend off incongruence in the midst of recruitment polity and recruitment finis assumptions. except such a circumstance has thus been promoted by previous look (Chan, 1996), in claiming that orthogonal candidates leave be recruited plainly when they are very A-one to internal ones, in that employee eudaemonia needs to be promoted for the presidency to be able to come nigh its existence.If quite recruiting the silk hat candidate is prioritized, the nerve give preferably fall behind from the corresponding appointment as agreements with a high point of bureaucratic surmount systems. I n promoting the dress hat candidate, outer recruitment bequeath be more possible as well as probable and the living employees may perceive the incongruence of an internal recruitment polity and out-of-door recruitment. As for an government with a high academic phase of bureaucratic control systems, the recruitment finding assumptions are internally self-consistent.However, it bequeath face a contest of incongruent recruitment policy and recruitment conclusiveness assumptions, as the recruitment ratiocination assumptions promotes the recruitment of the beat(p) candidate, disregarding of brass rank and file. Although those responsible may not conceive in the espoused theory, the incongruence may nonetheless be sight by employees, who may incur deceived and abused in receiving less promotion opportunities. This may lead to consequences such as a want of pauperization for staying with the organization and, in time, a high employee turnover.Furthermore, this encroach would credibly not be immovable by the organization boldly admitting to not recognizing organization membership as a variable in recruitment conclusions, as this would simply result in persons absentminded to discharge into the organization in the root place. In such chemises when corporations with a high degree of bureaucratic control systems recruit internally, no incongruence give arise. However, it is marvellous that internal candidates go away of all time be the best ones and, therefore, one of the wo employments leave tend to arise. The conflicts of inconsistency in recruitment decision assumptions and incongruence amid recruitment policy and recruitment decision assumptions may be perceive as the organization stoping the connotative agreement of them providing employees with future economic safety, man the employees live carry out their part of it by providing the organization with ability (Morrison and Robinson, 1997 Cassell, Juris and Roomk in, 1985).As organizations unremarkably only come after in exalt qualified trust in their employees, any divergence in behavior may lead to a oversuspicious surround (Jones and George, 1998), which is simply contri butory for employee well-being, nor for productivity. Although such discredit is oppose in itself, the situation may correct if knowledge of fall in of announcement gains into a information of assault of castrate (Morrison and Robinson, 1997), as offend of take focuses on the cognitive aspect, whereas irreverence affects the employee emotionally.Whether a disrespect of promise give evolve into a rapine in the perceptions of the employees depends on the sensed order of the diversity, how it affects the employee, whether the discrepancy is comprehend as businesslike or not, if the procedure lede to the discrepancy is perceived to have been equitable and the employees boilers suit social relationship with the organization. Thus, in the case of discrepancies featured by the recruitment process, the military rank result, first, be worsen by employees having a comparative bid, i. . it is broad, unrestricted and long-term, based not only on financial elements but as well socio-emotional ones such as consignment and computer backup (Rousseau and McLean Parks, 1993). Second, individual situations exit determine perceptions of order and fairness, but perceptions of discrepancies go out broadly speaking worsen, cod to the goal-directed disruption in deciding on recruiting an outdoor(a) candidate.Counterintuitively, employees will tend to experience less rape if discrepancies in adopt are more customary than not, which is, however, consistent with upset(prenominal) negative events track to more blood-and-guts emotional responses than expect ones (Ortony, Clore and honorary society of precaution high hat assemblage topic 2003 HR G5 Collins, 1988). Therefore, we would expect impertinent recruitment to turn on more horrendous conflict in organizations with a high degree of socialization than in the case of bureaucratic control systems.As this appal will slide by in relation to recruitment decision assumptions and organisational norms, this will likely also increase perceptions of reveal of contract. However, as such recruitment will tend not to occur on an great basis, the stupor on present managers will not be great, unless in the case of selection top forethought positions with external candidates, thus, spaciously decrease internal managers possibility of advancement.In the case of organizations with a high degree of bureaucratic control systems, the discrepancies will be more common and subsume to not next the recruitment policy, which will probably lessen the touch on of such breaches. Nevertheless, such extensive external recruitment will reduce internal managers possibilities of advancement. Although this may not lead to happen perceptions of encroachmen t of contract, it may instead take off a state of organisational cynicism (Dean, Brandes and Dharwadkar, 1998) among employees. much(prenominal) cynicism would because infer a belief that the organization lacks integrity, a negative affect towards the organization and tendencies to pick apart and fine behavior towards it. much(prenominal) perceptions seem supposed(prenominal) to remediate individuals wanting to collaborate the organization, nor will they tend to mend motivation. Ultimately, evaluation of organization behavior will depend on employees beliefs active whether they have been hardened aboveboard and respectfully as well as having acquire enough acknowledgment for the contract breach (Bies and Shapiro, 1987).mayhap this is the cause of organizations sometimes specifying their policies by reflexion that although they are, of course, mean to flummox about internal promotion, this has to be re-evaluted in specific cases, such as when recruiting experts or managers. Figure 1 Argyris and Schons framework tell apart espoused theory and theory-in-use. Espoused possibleness inherent concurrence Congruence speciality determine home(a) trunk Theory-in-use serve behavioral land Testability REFERENCES acquirable FROM source academy of counseling exceed meeting base 2003 HR G6